Monday, September 30, 2019

Mobile news and the future of journalism

Question 1 . Explain the influences of the emergence of mobile news on the future of journalism. How substantial do you consider these influences to be? Mobile News and The future of Journalism Digital, mobile and visual technologies have provided us with new ways for society to find and share news and information, making them a key part of economic, social and cultural life. Today, People all over the world are increasingly shifting their consumption of news from newspapers and other traditional forms, to mobile news and Internet services and this is due to these advances in technology.As we are now living in a digital age, we are seeing big changes in the Journalism industry and new practices of Journalism are happening including the emergence of mobile news (the delivery and creation of news using mobile devices). Journalism is traditionally practiced through news organizations such as newspapers, broadcasting stations or news websites, but in a society where the Internet and mobi le is becoming first for news, Journalism has had to advance in order to keep up to date with these new platforms. But will the emergence of mobile news affect the future of journalism and if so, how?A conference was held in 2008 by the BBC College of Journalism discussing the future of Journalism in relation to advances in technology. ‘Today, as technology changes the lives of both Journalists and their customers, assumptions about what Journalism is and how it is practiced are being re-examined. ‘ (The future of Journalism, papers from conference, online). Peter Horrocks, director of BBC world services and one of the speakers at the conference, has seen how technology is changing Journalism and says that there is an end to what he calls ‘Fortress Journalism' and a new ‘NetworkedJournalism'. Horrocks explains that Fortress Journalism refers to Journalism that thinks of itself as a closed system, Journalists are the experts of news and we listen to them. Wher eas the new form of Journalism is ‘Networked Journalism' and this takes into account the collaborative nature of Journalism; it's about tearing down the fortresses and making it open to public allowing Journalist to communicate with the public. This idea of ‘Networked Journalism', means the barriers for entering the news circuit are not as big as before.Anyone with basic computer skills can set up a blog or a twitter account and can easily discuss news with the world, and it is the process of remediation that has influenced these changes in Journalism. Bolter and Grusin define ‘remediation' as a process whereby each new medium promises to reform its predecessors by offering a more immediate, authentic experience, for example the medium ot mobile news is said to be a better taster and more connected then the medium of television news. experience These new online methods of distributing news, does not necessary eradicate old raditional ways, i. . newspapers, televisi on and radio. ‘Technologies don't eliminate one another; they enhance or subtly change one another taking their place side-by- side in the new media ecology. ‘ ((Bolter & Grusin, 2000). Journalism lecture: Remediation) We are now carrying around the technology that allows us to have access to the Internet and news on-the-go thanks to gadgets like smartphones and tablets. These rapid advances in technology have changed the way in which we can get our news offering us this new medium of mobile news.The power of martphones and their ability to be more then Just a phone has been a big influence on the rising popularity of mobile news. With Millions of people owning these gadgets, the Journalism industry needed to re-think how to respond to this new form of technology where information and news is available immediately and free. News corporations have noticed that a growing number of people are using the Internet for news and so have tried to meet the demand for mobile news b y developing mobile web versions of the websites for easier access and applications for direct access to ll the news anytime.For example BBC news, Sky news, The Guardian, Mailonline are just a few of the many available news applications on smartphones. This emergence of mobile news isn't stopping newspaper Journalism, but it is affecting it, causing a declining in the consumption of newspapers by society. ‘The proportion of people reading a national daily newspaper has been declining over the past three decades. In 1978, †¦ 72 per cent of people aged 15 and over in Great Britain had read a national daily newspaper, †¦ 2 per cent in 1991 and 53 per cent in 2001. In 2009, †¦ 2 per cent had reported reading a national daily newspaper. ‘(Office for national statistics) It is probable that the main reason for the decline is this increased use of the Internet and mobile news. People are starting to use and rely on mobile news services instead of purchasing newsp apers or watching the news on television, and Journalist are in fact actively using these social medias themselves to communication and interact with the public.The State of the News Media (2012): An Annual Report on American Journalism, found that Mobile news is important because people feel they can, ave an impact on their communities, and feel more plugged into the media environment than they did a few years ago. ‘ ‘Citizens can not only read news from their local community, with tablets and smart phones, they can also share and post links to stories, comment, or contribute themselves. ‘ (State of the Media: Annual Report) Now, Journalism has an interactive dialogue between organisation, communities, and individuals.World events like the Egyptian 25th January revolution, was fully covered, not Just by professional Journalists, but also by the people of Egypt ia mobile phones and Internet. This communication and interaction with society is an advantage to Journal ism as it allows for better coverage of the news. This rise of new media has increased the communications between people all over the world and has allowed people to express themselves through blogs, websites, pictures, and other user-generated media.It is also making Journalists Jobs easier as they can use this user-generated information for their own work. This means that New-media technology is impacting established Journalism but also transforming the Internet into a more open, trustworthy and useful place for information and debate about news. ‘The development of the internet means that the process (news) is far quicker, more international in scope, and that the audience gets more of a look-in. Oournalism, principles and practice pp174) So what does the future hold for Journalism now that mobile news is becoming a popular platform? People are enjoying being connected to the world, knowing what is going and being able to be part of it, and this has allowed the business of mobile news to thrive. The mergence of new media is affecting Journalism for the better. Journalism is becoming more important then ever before as news is being distributed to a wider audience and having more of an affecting, as more people want to stay connected to the world by news.In order for Journalism to remain something that society needs, it must advance with the technology like everything else in society, so we are now seeing more online Journalism then ever before; the reporting of facts produced and distributed via the Internet. As technology becomes cheaper to manufacture, more eople will have access the Internet and mobile news will gain an even wider audience globally. The emergence of mobile news has meant that news has become more user-generated, meaning the consumers participate in the making of the news by adding content themselves.This may give the idea that the work of Journalist is not safe in the future as the audiences are also the contributor and creators of news, but Journalist have the skills to use this information, give it context and then report it, So Journalists will remain important. We have also seen Journalism change hroughout the centuries, from the '19th century printing press culture, to the 20th century television and radio culture, to now, the 21st century digital and online culture'. Oournalism lecture, Remediation).All this change brought about better- advanced ways of getting news and people want and need it in their life. Whilst some may opt for the free, but sometimes not factual option of news, others are still willing to pay for real, accurate and trustworthy news. Now with the many options available and the strong rise of mobile news, how it's delivered will be down to the news orporations and Journalists, but if newspapers are to survive the impact of the internet and news media in the future, then stricter controls on news online should be made to encourage society to use the traditional forms.https://idp.uwe.ac .uk/CookieAuth.dll?GetLogon?curl=Z2FadfsZ2FlsZ2FauthZ2FintegratedZ2FZ3FwaZ3Dwsignin1.0Z26wtrealmZ3DhttpsZ3AZ2FZ2Fauth-cas.uwe.ac.ukZ2FcasZ2Flogin&reason=0&formdir=7http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-bbb9e158-4a1b-43c7-8b3b-9651938d4d6ahttp://www.stateofthemedia.org/2012/overview-4/major-trends/http://www.webcitation.org/

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Abnormal Psychology Study Guide

Chapter 16 — Personality Disorders Slides, handouts, and answers keys created by Karen Clay Rhines, Ph. D. , Seton Hall University Handout 2: What is Psychological Abnormality? What is personality? Personality is a unique and long-term pattern of inner experience and outward behavior Personality tends to be consistent and is often described in terms of â€Å"traits† These traits may be inherited, learned, or both Personality is also flexible, allowing us to adapt to new environments For those with personality disorders, however, that flexibility is usually missing Handout 3: Personality DisordersWhat is a personality disorder? A very rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior This pattern is seen in most interactions, differs from the experiences and behaviors usually expected, and continues for years Handout 4: Classifying Personality Disorders A personality disorder is diagnosed only when it causes impairments in social or occupational functioning, or when it causes personal distress Personality disorders typically become recognizable in adolescence or early adulthood . Generally, the affected person does not regard his or her behavior as undesirable or problematicIt has been estimated that 9 to 13% of all adults may have a personality disorder Handout 5: Classifying Personality Disorders Classifying these disorders is difficult because little is known about their origins or development They are diagnosed on Axis II of the DSM-IV Handout 6: Classifying Personality Disorders Those diagnosed with personality disorders are often also diagnosed with an Axis I disorder This relationship is called â€Å"comorbidity† Axis II disorders my predispose people to develop an Axis I disorder, or Axis I disorders may set the stage for Axis II disorders, or some biological condition may set the stage for both!Whatever the reason, research indicates that the presence of a personality disorder complicates and reduces a person’s chances f or a successful recovery Handout 8: Classifying Personality Disorders The various personality disorders overlap each other so much that it can be difficult to distinguish one from another The frequent lack of agreement between clinicians and diagnosticians has raised concerns about the validity and reliability of these categories Handout 10: â€Å"Odd† Personality Disorders People with these disorders display behaviors similar to, but not as extensive as, schizophreniaBehaviors include extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and peculiar ways of thinking and perceiving things Such behaviors leave the person isolated Some clinicians believe that these disorders are actually related to schizophrenia, and thus call them â€Å"schizophrenia spectrum disorders† Handout 11: â€Å"Odd† Personality Disorders Clinicians have learned much about the symptoms of odd personality disorders but little about effective treatment for these disorders In fact, people with these disorders rarely seek treatment Handout 14: How Do Theorists Explain Paranoid Personality Disorder?The proposed explanations of this disorder, like those of most other personality disorders, have received little systematic research Psychodynamic theorists trace the pattern back to early interactions with demanding parents Cognitive theorists suggest that maladaptive assumptions such as â€Å"People are evil and will attack you if given the chance† are to blame Biological theorists propose genetic causes and have looked at twin studies to support this model Handout 15: Treatments for Paranoid Personality Disorder People with paranoid personality disorder do not typically see themselves as needing helpFew come to treatment willingly Those who are in treatment often distrust and rebel against their therapists As a result, therapy for this disorder, as for most of the other personality disorders, has limited effect and moves slowly Handout 16: Treatments for Paranoid Personality Disorder Object relations therapists try to see past the patient’s anger and work on the underlying wish for a satisfying relationship Behavioral and cognitive therapists try to help clients control anxiety and improve interpersonal skills Cognitive therapists also try to restructure client’s maladaptive assumptions and interpretationsDrug therapy is generally ineffective Handout 17: Schizoid Personality Disorder This disorder is characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional expression Withdrawn and reclusive, people with this disorder are not interested in relationships with others People with schizoid personality disorder focus mainly on themselves and are often seen as flat and cold The disorder is estimated to affect less than 1% of the population It is slightly more likely to occur in men than in women Handout 22: Schizotypal Personality DisorderThis disorder is characterized by odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking and perceivi ng, and behavioral eccentricities These symptoms may include ideas of reference and/or bodily illusions People with the disorder often have great difficulty keeping their attention focused; conversation is typically digressive and vague Handout 23: Schizotypal Personality Disorder Socially withdrawn, people with this disorder seek isolation and have few friends This disorder is the most severe of the three in this cluster It has been estimated that 2 to 4% of all people (slightly more males than females) may have the disorderHandout 24: How Do Theorists Explain Schizotypal Personality Disorder? Because the symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder so often resemble those of schizophrenia, researchers have hypothesized that similar factors are at work in both disorders Schizotypal symptoms are often linked to poor family communication and to psychological disorders in parents Researchers have also begun to link schizotypal personality disorder to some of the same biological factor s found in schizophrenia The disorder also has been linked to mood disorders Handout 27: â€Å"Dramatic† Personality DisordersThe behaviors of people with these disorders are so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying These personality disorders are more commonly diagnosed than the others Only antisocial and borderline personality disorders have received much study The causes of the disorders are not well understood Handout 28: Antisocial Personality Disorder Sometimes described as â€Å"psychopaths† or â€Å"sociopaths,† people with antisocial personality disorder persistently disregard and violate others’ rightsAside from substance-related disorders, this is the disorder most linked to adult criminal behavior The DSM-IV requires that a person be at least 18 years of age to receive this diagnosis Most people with an antisocial personality disorder displayed some patt erns of misbehavior before they were 15 years old Handout 30: Antisocial Personality Disorder Surveys indicate that up to 3. 5% of people in the U. S. meet the criteria for this disorder Caucasians are somewhat more likely to be diagnosed than are African AmericansThe disorder is four times more common in men than women Because people with this disorder are often arrested, researchers frequently look for people with antisocial patterns in prison populations Studies also indicate higher rates of alcoholism and other substance-related disorders among this group Handout 33: How Do Theorists Explain Antisocial Personality Disorder? The cognitive view says that people with the disorder hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs A number of studies suggest that biological factors may play a roleFindings suggest that people with antisocial personality disorder have lower levels of trait anxiety and arousal, leading them to be more likely than others to tak e risks and seek thrills Handout 34: Treatments for Antisocial Personality Disorder About 25% of all people with antisocial personality disorder receive treatment for it, yet no treatment appears to be effective A major problem is the individual’s lack of conscience or desire to change Most have been mandated to treatment Some cognitive therapists try to guide clients to think about moral issues and the needs of other peopleHospitals have attempted to create therapeutic communities Generally, most of today’s treatment approaches have little to no impact on the disorder Handout 35: Borderline Personality Disorder People with this disorder display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity Interpersonal relationships also are unstable People with borderline personality disorder are prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physical aggression and violence Just as often, however, they direct their impulsive anger in ward and harm themselvesHandout 37: Borderline Personality Disorder Almost 2% of the general population are thought to suffer from this disorder Close to 75% of those diagnosed are women The course of the disorder varies In the most common pattern, the instability and risk of suicide reach a peak during young adulthood and then gradually lessen with advancing age Handout 39: How Do Theorists Explain Borderline Personality Disorder? Some features of the disorder also have been linked to biological abnormalities Sufferers who are particularly impulsive apparently have lower brain serotonin activityClose relatives of those with borderline personality disorder are five times more likely than the general population to have the disorder Some sociocultural theorists suggest that cases of borderline personality disorder are particularly likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly Handout 40: Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder It appears that psychotherapy can eventually lea d to some degree of improvement for people with this disorder It is not easy, though, for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with a patient’s dependency and anger and challenging his or her way of thinkingFurthermore, termination of therapy is often incredibly difficult Handout 42: Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, and antipsychotic drugs have helped some individuals to calm their emotional and aggressive storms Given the high risk of suicide attempts by these patients, their use of drugs on an outpatient basis is controversial Some patients have benefited from a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy Handout 43: Histrionic Personality DisorderPeople with histrionic personality disorder are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention They often engage in attention-getting behaviors Approval and praise are the lifeblood of these individuals People with histrionic personali ty disorder are often described as vain, self-centered, and demanding Some make suicide attempts, often to manipulate others Handout 44: Histrionic Personality Disorder This disorder was once believed to be more common in women than in men However, research has revealed gender bias in past diagnosesThe latest statistics suggest that around 2% percent of adults have this personality disorder, with males and females equally affected Handout 46: How Do Theorists Explain Histrionic Personality Disorder? Cognitive theorists look at the lack of substance and the extreme suggestibility seen in people with the disorder Some propose that people with histrionic personality disorder hold a general assumption that they are helpless to care for themselves Sociocultural theorists believe the disorder is caused in part by society’s norms and expectationsThe vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior may be an exaggeration of femininity as defined by our culture Handout 47: Treatments for Histrion ic Personality Disorder Unlike people with most other personality disorders, those with histrionic personality disorder often seek treatment on their own Working with them can be difficult because of their demands, tantrums, seductiveness, and attempts to please the therapist Handout 49: Narcissistic Personality Disorder People with narcissistic personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy for othersConvinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them People with this disorder exaggerate their achievements and talents, and often appear arrogant Handout 50: Narcissistic Personality Disorder People with this disorder are seldom interested in the feelings of others Many take advantage of others to achieve their own ends Probably less than 1% of adults display narcissistic personality disorder Up to 75% of these are men This type of behavior is common among teenagers and do not usually lead to adult narcissismHandout 51: How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Psychodynamic theorists more than others have theorized about this disorder, focusing on cold, rejecting parents Object-relations theorists interpret the grandiose self-presentation as a way for these people to convince themselves that they are self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships In support of this theory, research has found increased risk for developing the disorder among abused children and those from divorced families Handout 52: How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder?Behavioral and cognitive theorists propose that narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life Those with the disorder have been taught to â€Å"overvalue their self-worth† In support of this explanation, first-born and only children score higher on measures of narcissism Finally, many sociocultural theorists see a link between narcissistic personality disorder and â€Å"eras of narcissism† in society Handout 53: Treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder This disorder is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treatClients who consult therapists usually do so because of a related disorder, most commonly depression Once in treatment, the individuals may try to manipulate the therapist into supporting their sense of superiority None of the major treatment approaches has had much success Handout 55: â€Å"Anxious† Personality Disorders People with these disorders typically display anxious and fearful behavior Although many of the symptoms are similar to those of anxiety and depressive disorders, researchers have found no links between this cluster and those Axis I diagnoses As with most of the personality disorders, research is limitedBut treatments for this cluster appear to be modestly to moderately helpful Handout 56: Avoidant Person ality Disorder People with avoidant personality disorder are very uncomfortable and restrained in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation They believe themselves unappealing or inferior and often have few close friends Handout 57: Avoidant Personality Disorder The disorder is similar to social phobia, and many people with one disorder experience the other Similarities between the two disorders include a few of humiliation and low self-confidenceA key difference is that people with social phobia mainly fear social circumstances, while people with avoidant personality disorder tend to fear close social relationships Between 1 and 2% of adults have avoidant personality disorder Handout 60: How Do Theorists Explain Avoidant Personality Disorder? Cognitive theorists believe that harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead people to assume that others will always judge them harshly In several studies, individua ls reported memories that supported both the psychodynamic and cognitive theoriesHandout 61: Treatments for Avoidant Personality Disorder People with avoidant personality disorder come to therapy seeking acceptance and affection Keeping them in therapy can be challenging because they often begin to avoid sessions A key task of the therapist is to build trust Beyond building trust, therapists tend to treat the disorder as they treat social phobia and anxiety These treatments have had modest success Group and drug therapy may also be useful Handout 62: Dependent Personality Disorder People with dependent personality disorder have a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care ofAs a result, they are clinging and obedient, fearing separation from their loved ones They rely on others so much that they cannot make the smallest decision for themselves The central feature of the disorder is a difficulty with separation Handout 65: How Do Theorists Explain Dependent Personality Disorder? Beha viorists propose that parents of those with dependent personality disorder unintentionally rewarded their children’s clinging and â€Å"loyal† behavior while punishing acts of independence Alternatively, some parents’ own dependent behaviors may have served as models for their childrenHandout 68: Treatments for Dependent Personality Disorder Treatment can be at least modestly helpful Psychodynamic therapy focuses on many of the same issues as therapy for people with depression Cognitive therapists try to help clients challenge and change their assumptions of incompetence and helplessness Antidepressant drug therapy has been helpful for those whose disorder is accompanied by depression Group therapy can be helpful because it provides clients an opportunity to receive support from a number of peers and because group members may serve as models for one anotherHandout 70: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Between 2 and 5% of the population has this disorder, with white, educated, married, and employed individuals receiving the diagnosis most often Men are twice as likely as women to display the disorder Many clinicians believe that obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (the anxiety disorder) are closely related While the disorders share similar symptoms, researchers have not found a specific link between them Handout 72: How Do Theorists Explain Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are anal regressive Because of overly harsh toilet training, people become angry and remain fixated at this stage of psychosexual development To keep their anger under control, they resist both their anger and their instincts to have bowel movements As a result, they become extremely orderly and restrained Handout 77: What Problems Are Posed by the DSM Categories? Some of the diagnostic criteria cannot be observed directly The diag noses often rely heavily on the impressions of the individual clinicianSimilarly, clinicians differ widely in their judgments about when a normal personality style crosses the line and deserves to be called a disorder Handout 79: What Problems Are Posed by the DSM Categories? Because of these problems, diagnosticians keep changing the criteria used to assess the personality disorders Further, some theorists believe that the personality disorders actually differ more in degree than in type of dysfunction Some theorists have proposed that the disorders be organized by how severe certain key traits are rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essay Example for Free

Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essay Research (1190) , Theory (1093) , Psycho (888) , Learning theory (33) , Social learning theory (19) ‘Explaining substance use among Puerto Rican adolescents: a partial test of social learning theory’ is an article by Holly Ventura Miller, Wesley G. Jennings, Lorna L. Alverez-Rivera and J. Mitchell Miller. The article is a 2008 publication in the Journal of Drug Issues Volume 38, issue number 1. In this study, Miller et al (2008) seek to use social learning theory to understand substance use among Puerto Rican adolescents as part of the larger Hispanic group. The importance of social learning is assessed through finding out the effect of differences in an individual’s description of substance use as compared to the description that peers have. This study is based on the view that most adolescents who have friends who are in substance abuse also become substance abusers. Perceptions about drug abuse also seem to be similar with those held by the peers. Social interactions of the youths therefore seem to play a big role in learned behavior and perceptions. Miller et al (2008) have reviewed considerable literature on social learning theory more so the aspect of differential association in acquisition of socially unacceptable behavior. A cross-cultural application of social learning theory forms the center of this study where a group (288 youths) of Puerto Rican adolescents is chosen as the study sample. This study specifically focuses on how peer and personal perception of substance use influence alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. The survey-type of study was carried among school going youths aged 14-19 years in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The subjects were selected from public and private schools with the sample size from public schools being considerably higher compared to that from private schools (69% versus 31%). The survey was conducted using questionnaires where several variables were assessed. Questionnaires administered in public schools were written in English whereas those issued in public schools were in Hispanic. The study excluded subjects who did not report being Hispanic since ethnicity was a very crucial variable. The adolescents were assessed of their behaviors as regards to alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking and marijuana use. Predictor variables were social learning (definitions on substance abuse) and sex. The control variables in this study were age and belonging to single-parent family. After statistical analyses (logistic regression analyses), it was found out that youths in private schools had a greater lifetime substance use and reported peer influence in the use of the three substances. In addition, males were likely to be involved in use of the three substances under study as opposed to females in both types of schools. In private schools, a significant difference in substance use was noted to exist between males and females. It is also notable that cigarette use among females in public schools was influenced by their views of smoking cigarettes as a favorable behavior. This was also the case with private school males. Personal definitions were also found to play a big role in alcohol consumption. Marijuana use was mainly due to the influence of peers’ definition as opposed to personal definition. Miller et al (2008) therefore concluded that if personal definitions of substance use are favorable, the likelihood of substance abuse is high. Peer definitions are also significantly important determinants of substance abuse as evidenced by marijuana use among Puerto Rican adolescents. Sex is also a determinant factor in influencing substance use. Article 2 The article ‘social learning, self control, and substance abuse by eight grade students: at tale of two cities’ by L. Thomas Winfree Jr. and Frances P. Bernat is a 1998 publication in the Journal of Drug Issue volume 28, issue number 2. In this study, Winfree and Bernat (1998) examine the effectiveness of the social cognitive theory and self control theory in predicting level of substance abuse among a group of eight graders in a large versus a small city. Among the substances the substances that the eight grade students are assessed of include alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana among others. This sample is selected from Phoenix, Arizona and Las Cruces, N. M. the cities are choice for this study due to differences in types of crimes thus the authors of this study challenge that the two theories cannot be used to predict substance abuse among the two groups of youths. Winfree and Bernat (2008) argue that the social learning theory is viewed as being able to predict how people develop delinquent behaviors, as well as the environment that is likely to predispose one to delinquent behaviors. As such, it is viewed that substance abuse by youths can be predicted by the social learning theory as long as the social environment of the youth is well understood. On the other hand, Winfree and Bernat (1998) argue that the self control theory indicates that the level of self control determines human behavior especially in consideration of factors such as self interest and tendency to seek pleasure and not pain. In their study, Winfree and Bernet (1998) carried out a wide cross-sectional study in 11 localities including Phoenix and Las Cruces. The subjects who participated in this study gave an informed consent through either parents or guardians. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires and the surveyors helped the students in understanding the questions thus improving accuracy of data collected. Dependent variables in this study were use of different substances within the past one year. Social learning independent variables included neutralization, guilt, positive reinforcement and negative pushers. Self control independent variables included parental monitoring, impulsivity and risk-taking. After performing regression analyses, it was evident that there was a low level of substance abuse among Phoenix students who said that they would feel very guilty if their engaged in substance abuse. Higher levels of substance abuse in Phoenix sample was identified among students who agreed greatly to neutralizing statements about negativity of crime. In terms of self control, there was higher substance use among students who reported higher risk taking tendencies. However, parental control and impulsivity did not provide enough data for evaluation. In Las Cruces, it was observed that youths who had seen gangsters and viewed gangsters as having better lifestyles were likely to abuse substances. The same happened with neutralization of negativity of crime. Guilt was not a big determinant of substance abuse in Las Cruces. Conclusively, Winfree and Bernet argue that social learning theory and self control theory can be used to evaluate delinquency in adolescents. From the above two articles, social learning theory emerges as an important tool for predicting substance abuse. Counselors stand to benefit from the understanding of the application of social learning theory in this context since they can be able to associate a certain substance abuse problem to the social influences of the client. By identifying the source of the substance abuse problem using the social learning theory, the counselor is able to provide a way out of the delinquency or substance use. This would include subjecting favorable social environment and statements such that the substance abuse behavior is taken as a negative rather than a positive thing. It would also be helpful for the counselor to suggest a geographical relocation (e. g. school transfer) as an important way of creating the best environment (drug/crime-free environment) for adolescents. References Miller, H. V. , Jennings, W. G. , Alverez-Rivera, L. L. and Miller, J. M. (2008). â€Å"Explaining substance use among Puerto Rican adolescents: a partial test of social learning theory. † Journal of Drug Issues 38(1): 261+. Web. 15, July 2010. Questia. com. Winfree, L. T. and Bernat, F. T. (1998). â€Å"Social learning, self control, and substance abuse by eight grade students: at tale of two cities. † Journal of Drug Issue, 28(2): 539+. Web. 15, July 2010. Questia. com. Application of social learning theory in psychology research. (2016, Oct 26). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Friday, September 27, 2019

Characteristics of the Modern Bureaucracy Coursework

Characteristics of the Modern Bureaucracy - Coursework Example The administration includes all state functional organs, and it is quite significant influencing the vast portion of the society in the modern world (Scheidel, 2014). Bureaucracy has several roles in the public life since it keeps the government functional. It affects the implementation of law and policies made by elected officials within the government. It also provides the necessary administrative functions like collecting fees, issuing permits and licenses. Bureaucratic administration conducts government operations by regulating the various performances of state organs (Findly, 2014). Since the bureaucracy deals closely with the governmental issues, it would not be easier to hire and stop the civil servants according to their performance in their duties. It is mainly because the bureaucratic workers need specialized training, which cost the government a lot of money to sponsor and maintain. The high performing civil servants should get the merit-based compensation like their counterparts in the private sector since they have skills and experience to deliver well. The private sector consists of privately owned organizations that are not part of the government such as the non-profit and profit corporations. The public sector consists of government-owned institutions like the federal, provincial, state, or municipal governments. In the private sector, there is greater fluidity in job changing and flexibility in pay rise than in the public sector that is its importance over the public sector (Eyben & Moncrieffe,

Thursday, September 26, 2019

TARGET CORPORATION FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Essay - 2

TARGET CORPORATION FINANCIAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION - Essay Example This refers to how fruitful a company is in using assets. Liquidity and efficiency are significant and complement each other. To calculate a company’s short term liquidity (requirement) we need to figure out the current ratio and working capital. Working capital is the current assets less the current liabilities. To calculate the current ratio we divide the current assets by current liabilities. In looking at the objective organization’s financials for years 2004, 2005 and 2006 we can see how sound they performed over the years. 4,638 was its working capital in 2004. We got this by subtraction of current liabilities of 8,134 from current assets of 12,952. 5702 and 4817 was the working capital in 2005 and 2006 respectively. Now we have to look for the current ratio for these same periods. In 2004 current ratio for Target Company is 1.56. We got this number by dividing 12,952, which are current assets, by its current liabilities, 8,314. In 2005 and 2006 the current ratio is 1.69 and 1.50 respectively. It reflects the company’s ability how use assets to create sales. It is an important aspect in a company’s working efficiency. To calculate this we divide net sales by average total assets. Target Company the asset turnover for 2004 is 0.20. It can be determined by its net sales of 3,198 and divided by average of total assets of 15,708. The asset turnover rate was 0.15 for 2005. In years 2004, 2005 and 2006 we can see that from 2004 and 2005 there was an increase in liquidity and efficiency but in 2006 there was a fall. Although there was a fall, Targets results are not that unusual from other companies, in fact some had even bigger decreases and struggled more within the same time period. I would like to invest in the Target Corporation; with the drop from 2005 to 2006 at the overall picture the drop is not that

Prepare an Observing Proposal (See attachment) Essay

Prepare an Observing Proposal (See attachment) - Essay Example What is the information that could be reconstructed? What are the natural changes regarding M6 cluster that could be observed? These are the questions that the proposed study would seek to establish. Considering the fact that astronomy is central to modern scientific developments, this study would serve to reconstruct information in astronomy, informing further development in the field. Table Summary of Observation Run Proposed for the Project Run Presently observed Features No nights Optimal months Accept months 1 Keck telescope Jan-Feb Jan-Feb 2 MMT 2 Feb-March Jan-Feb 3 KP-4m 3x 0.5 June-April Jan-Feb 4 WTYN 5 Feb-Jul June-April 5 CT-1.5m 3 Feb-Jul Feb-Jul 6 GEM-SQ 1.8 Feb-July Feb-Jul Scheduling Constraints Avoid cloudy days: Days that are cloud may obstruct vision; hence, unfruitful examination. Only clear days of the season are favorable. Scientific Justification Technological and scientific discoveries are playing a crucial role in enhancing human life. These developments are not only enhancing human life but are also shunning human curiosity through discovery and reconstruction of new information. Astronomy has been one of the areas that are central to scientific discoveries, especially in earth and physical sciences. Its developments have been revolutionized by technological revolution, like other areas of science. ... Keck II telescope was utilized for astronomical observation in 1996, but its potential effectiveness was realized in 1999 following the installation of all large first adaptive optics. Furthermore, in 2004, the Keck Telescope was incorporated with laser guide star AO systems, creating the allowance for the Telescope to have a resolution equivalent to the Hubble Space Telescopes. In 2005, various technological developments were realized creating the allowance for the two Keck Telescopes to be operated together (Plotner 789). In the obvious way, the developments in the Keck Telescope are a reflection of its increasing capability to discover various astronomical phenomena. There is the need to utilize the revolutionized and the state-of-art Keck Telescope to test the accuracy of the available information, such as those of the Messier star clusters. One most notable advantage of Keck Telescopes is that they do not have distortions of the atmosphere because they are over the atmosphere. T his has resulted in much sharper images. Another merit is that it is not compromised by lights which are scattered in the atmosphere. These two factors are responsible for a condition called twinkling stars. One more advantage of Keck Telescopes is that they observe a variety of wavelengths on light easily, which are hard to use while on the ground because they are placed in the atmosphere. Keck Telescopes can detect frequencies in the atmosphere and ground without distorting the signal. Therefore, places with electromagnetic mediums such as ultraviolet, gamma and X-Ray are easily viewed from the space. One of the inherent challenges with the use of Keck Telescope is that Earth’s rotation implies that the scope must frequently compensate for its movement in order to align it on a

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Partnership Working is Easier in Theory than in Practice Research Proposal

Partnership Working is Easier in Theory than in Practice - Research Proposal Example Organizations and practitioners involved in new programs must understand the goals and objectives and information concerning referral processes and qualification criteria. The extent of this understanding is critical to the success of any working partnership. An effective way of nurturing common understanding is to involve all stakeholders in the development of protocols, policies, and procedures that define the partnership (Clarke, 2014:24). Moreover, practitioners, who are not part of the main partnership, must understand the qualification criteria if the partnership is to succeed. The leaders of the partnerships should develop induction and continuous training, which is a constructive way of ensuring the existence of shared goals in the initiative. A history of sound and support joint working is an important element in the success of partnerships. For instance, in the UK, a past history of collaboration between doctors, mental health professionals, and mental health administrators created a new initiative to capitalize on existing informal communication processes and exploit the goodwill that that past experiences had nurtured (Elder, Evans, and Nizette, 2012:19). In many countries, positive strategic cooperation in the past, that may have occurred between various entities (e.g., welfare and private health agencies), have also been identified as supportive of working partnerships. Effective information sharing systems, including shared records and shared or common IT systems are factors that have been identified as enhancing working partnerships by facilitating faster and timelier evaluations of need. Effective communication has also been identified as supportive of priority management (Francis, 2014:12). Many types of research have demonstrated the importance of having enough finances to support working partnerships.  

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Recommendation Report for Debenhams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recommendation Report for Debenhams - Assignment Example This report is useful to the extent that it provides information about the position of the company and about its management structure which might have future implications for its strategic decisions. By looking at the dividend policy, key stake can understand the expected returns from the company or its future growth plans. This report highlights the activities that the company is doing for the community as a whole. This includes imbibing â€Å"green† operations which do not have negative impact on the environment, following ethical practices which means that the company does not indulge in activities that immoral, being employee focused and ensuring their professional and personal growth, being customer centric by understanding their requirements and being useful to the society as a whole by donating to the needy or starting projects that help in improving the quality of life of individuals (media.corporate-ir.net). Consistent fall in consumer spending is a very significant risk for the company especially at the time when the world has still not come out of the economic crisis of 2008. Most of the company’s business is in UK and Ireland with only 2.7% of the total transactions being contributed by international business (media.corporate-ir.net). This can cause a major slowdown of the company owing to the fact that UK is going for major fiscal tightening measures and Ireland is also not showing much economic recovery. The company is trying to mitigate this risk with increasing its reach in international markets. Failure to roll out new stores can reduce sales. This has been accounted for by appropriate mitigating steps. This arises on account of failure of the company to understand consumer expectations and also on account of competition. The company claims to counter these risks by maintaining good customer as well as supplier relations. The company

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Antigone by Sophocles and Ancient Greek Civilization Essay

Antigone by Sophocles and Ancient Greek Civilization - Essay Example Creon fails to acknowledge her plea and is condemned to death. Creon had presented the rule that the person who would bury Polyneices would be subjected to death. This is because he had termed him as an intruder and a murderer to his predecessor Eteocles in the battle for the throne (Sophocles 2) Creon had made the ruling that the body would be left to rot instead of a proper burial, a ruling that Antigone defied. Unlike his brother, Eteocles had been given a proper burial, and the angry Antigone sought to place her brother’s body to rest in peace. The actions of the woman to disobey his ruling angered the king and sentenced both Antigone and her sister Ismene to death (Sophocles 1). Consequently, Creon’s son Haemon pleaded with his father to overturn his ruling because he had been engaged to Antigone, and had not wished to lose his fiance. Creon failed to adhere to his so wishes, but releases Ismene banishing her from the land. Furthermore, the prophet Teiresias warned the king against defying the gods wishes to bury Polyneices and warning him of a tragedy. The events witnessed Theban citizens recite a chorus that reminded the king that the prophet had never been wrong and that, his ruling that he would lose his son would happen. He hurriedly changes his mind for fear of the misfortune and performs a proper burial ceremony to bury Polyneices body (Sophocles 9). On the attempt to free the imprisoned Antigone, he is too late to avoid tragedy and finds a dead prisoner bringing more sorrow in the death of his son who chose to stab himself. The heartbroken Creon returns to his palace to meet an added misfortune in the death of his queen Eurydice who, chose to kill herself on the news of her son’s death. The story teaches on poor leadership skills and the consequences of defying the wishes of the gods. Democracy in Athens The reek had been a barbaric tribe that had migrated from the European nation to Aegean in the quest for a new land. The inte raction led to the integration of their traditions and those of the natives that they had encountered in the region. After settlement within the region, the individuals became influenced by Crete establishing an organized civilization by 1600B.C. known as Mycenaean civilization (Lewis 46). The Greeks adopted the trend from the Babylonians and Hittites to incorporate found civilization and practices to their own creating a different civilization form. Greek civilization had been created to present an organized system that had not failed to achieve organization. The states had been minute consisting of contained towns built at the center of a higher ground with temples created to present a civilization that defined the state. The Greek created fortress and temples that presented significant importance to the Greeks and a center of unity. The example was presented in Athens that had been termed the city of Athena the goddess who had been charged with the town and offered protection to the members. Democracy stretched in Greek to accord participation of all the members developing a term, polites in their language to define the citizens. The Greeks had been organized in city-states lacking a universal empire and protected through an extended land and sea. With the lack of an organized government, the states did not possess the value to employ professional forces that would offer the needed protection. Brave men who had chosen

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Culture and Anthropologists Essay Example for Free

Culture and Anthropologists Essay The problems that faced by anthropologists in the fieldwork are adaptation to new culture, maintain objectivism and get access to all information from their subjects. Adaptation to new culture is hard, since they have to stay for a period of time and try to live in the way their subjects’ do. Adaptation that done by anthropologists is not only adapt new lifestyle, but also learning their cultural norms and language in order to be accepeted by their subjects as a part of them, not only as a foreigner. For instance, M. N. Srinivas was got disapproval for shaving before bath since in that community, people are shaving after bath (Srinivas, 2002). However, by adapting the culture, anthropologists not only gain knowledge about how the culture is, but they will have better understanding on the culture. Knowing why do people in certain culture do certain activity, how the culture has impacted the people on that community and the historical of the culture as well. On top of that, a better understanding of the culture may assist the anthropologists to produce an unbiased ethnography by avoiding ethnocentrism. Having different cultures, people tend to make a comparison among the culture. It could be inevitable when living with people with different cultures in which values, norms and behavioural acceptance are in different manner. This objectivism is needed when anthropologists faced problem with what they observe. Remain objective could be a bit hard when the anthropologists have an emotional involvement on problems that their subjects’ face. For example, when Claire did the observation on prostitutes lifestyle and have emotional pressure, at some point she need to out from the field, so that her objectivism is remain stable (Sterk, 2009). Other than avoiding ethnocentrism, maintaining objectivism is also required to build a good relationship with their subjects. By the example on what Claire done, the thing that can be learned is anthropologists should not interfere too much on their subjects’ life, and also anthropologists should be able to set a boundaries to limit to what extend they can emotionally interfere with their subjects (Sterk, 2009). The other problem that faced the most by anthropologists is get access to all information from their subjects. In order to find the respondents, anthropologists need to show their respects to gain trust from the leader of that community. The importance of key respondents is to open a path to ommunicate with other members in that community to get more perception of how the norms and culture affect their life. However, the problem is, sometimes anthropologists wrongly identify the key repondents. According to Calire E. Sterk (2009), anthropologists need to be able to find the right person as their key respondents, if not, then the access to information is too narrow, which could cause misinterp retation on the data. For instance, during fieldwork in Rampura village, M. N. Srinivas observed a community that led by a headman that very strict on cultural rules(Srinivas 2009). The headman always watch whatever Srinivas did and limited the access to the members of that community , till the time when he realize that there are two faction and apparently the second faction is more open to foreigners than the first faction (Srinivas, 2009). By reading this case, there is something that can be a learning experience which is before anthropologists do participant observation, they need to know how is the structure of that society, what are the cultural values, norms and belief that they believe in and the most important thing is to know what are motivations to do such a cultural activities and how they do it.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Democratic Leadership Or Participative Leadership Business Essay

Democratic Leadership Or Participative Leadership Business Essay Open system in Organisation:  An open system means open to environment. Organisation exists and utilities in environment. Environment makes the organization to  obtain  right type of people, technology and structure so that the goals to serve the environment can be managed. The organisation is thus critically effect the environment. Mostly the demands or wants of the people defines the strategies and goals of an organization. What are the needs in  the market  and how an organization can carry new and needy products to  the market  create a contact between the organization and the environment. Without communication, organization cannot satisfy required products or services to  the users  groups. This way, an organization is an open system, without which it cannot survive. Organisation is goal oriented:  Without goal or set of goals, organisation is unusable. There is nothing for the organization to do. Therefore, the main characteristic of any organization is its goal.The goal gives line of action; acquire  required type of people and uses type of technology so that the goal is achieved in an expected time point. Without goal, organization cannot be designed. Collection  of people in organisation:  People are the main performers in any organisation. In other world, all the features of any organisation are the same except the people. Even with the same age, qualification, skills and services, the output of the people may differ, simply because the needs and wants of all people are not the same. What makes them work by heart and head is the one that differentiate organisations from one to others. Organisation consists of technology:  Technology is the means of doing works. There are various types of doing works. An organisation contains of more people, its performance technique should be of a fixed type so that each individual in the organisation can  exercise  them well. This is how technology pledges. Technology comforts  the work  and reduces the time. Technology creates a certain policy necessary to keep  organizational  beliefs in doings of the various people at different  structural  level. This saves the integrity of the people in succeed goals. Organisation has continuity:  As the organization includes people, and the people produce different needs, they can leave the organization or some may die too. This does not affect the organization to stop or decrease in size. Hence, it is said that every organisation has its own continuity. A good manager can leave but other better man can take over the trust of the organisation. AC 1.2 I have chosen KFC fast food restaurant. Its mission statement is given below. KFC   Kentucky fried chicken. Brand mission is to be our customers favorite place and way to eat. That broad and common mission statement is more clearly defined by the Kfc Values, which reflects the experience that customers can expect when walking into a Kfc fast food restaurant no matter where it is located  · We place the customer experience at the core of all we do.  · We are committed to our people.  · We believe in the kfc System.  · We operate our business decently.  · We give back to our communities.  · We grow our business profitably.  · We struggle continually to improve. As KFC mission statement states, they value their customers and want to be the best place for them to eat. KFC offer a wide range of fast foods like Chicken burgers, fries, drinks etc with affordable prices. Their quality of food is so good that one thinks to go to their restaurants again and again. They offer deals including different items on the cheapest prices. From their mission statement, we can note that their goals are to achieve market share by becoming peoples favourite. By visiting them, one can say that they have almost achieved their goals because every time a great rush of people always seen there. When someone goes to the restaurant, he/she feels like he belongs to that place. Staff performance to the people in a very good manner. Restaurants are kept very neat. Their quality of food is of such a standard that customers get the value for their money. AC1.3 There are many different features that affect the individual behaviour at work but there are some general factors. These general features are, Ability and Skills Personality Perception Attitudes Ability and Skills: Ability is a person talent to perform mentel Ara physical task Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. Personality: Personality can be defined as the study of the characteristics and traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. Different factors that affect the personality of an individual are heredity, family, society, culture and situation. Personality can be regarded as the most complex aspect of humans that influences their behaviour in a big way. It can be concluded that the study of personality traits offers an opportunity to understand the individuals. It helps them properly in directing their effort and motivating them for the achievement of the organisational goal. Perception: The cognitive process meant for interpreting the environmental stimuli in a meaningful way is referred to as perception. Every individual on the basis of his/he reference can organize and interpret environmental stimuli. There are many factors that influence the perception of an individual. The study of perception plays important role for the managers. It is important for mangers to create the favorable work environment so that employees perceive them in most favorable way. The employees are likely to perform better if they are going to perceive it in a positive way. Attitude: are determines of behaviour because they are linked with Perception, Personality, feeling and motivation. Attitude: A mentel state of readiness Learned and organized through experience Exerting a specific response to people objects and situation which it is related. Task 2 AC 2.1 Management: Management is the act of getting people together to achieve chosen goals. Management Functions: The first person who said about the management functions was French named Henri Fayol 1916  book  Administration  Industrially et Generali. He identified five functions of management, .Planning .Organising .Commanding .Controlling .Co-ordinating Planning The first step is planning this step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve the goal for an organisation and how to improve the company scale The manager first step needs to decide step are necessary to accomplish that goal, these may be improve organisation growth, inventory and sales staff. The manager step to plane, than the plane is place. Organising: As the name suggests organising relates to assigning the tasks and roles to the employees. Managers must assign the tasks to the employees in such a way that they get clear understanding of what to do and also ensure that the tasks are assigned to employees according to their skills. Commanding: This function concerns how managers direct employees. Fayol addressed such activities as effective communications, managerial behaviors, and the uses of rewards and punishment in discussing how a manager should command employees. Co-ordinating: Co-ordinating means helping. So, managers must help their sub ordinates whenever they feel in trouble. They must try to create a friendly environment so that employees could easily share the problems they are facing while working towards the achievement of organisational objectives and goals. Controlling After the other elements are in place, a manager job is not finished, he needs to check result against the goal and take any corrective action necessary to make that this area plane is on track. Managerial Roles A role is a planned set of behaviours. Henry Mintzberg (1973) has defines ten Sub roles common to the work of all managers. The ten roles are divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. as stated by Mintzberg (1973), managerial roles are as follows:   1. Informational roles   2. Decisional roles   3. Interpersonal roles   1.  Informational roles:  This involves the role of adjusting and disadjusting information as and when required.    2. Decisional roles:  It involves make good decision for orgnisation. 3.  Interpersonal roles:   This role involves personal things with people working in the organization. A.c 2.2 Management Styles: Management styles are the characteristics of management about making decisions, their manners and behaviours with the people inside and outside the organisation. There are four different management styles.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Autocratic  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Democratic  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Consultative  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Laissez-Faire Autocratic: An autocratic management style is that where manager makes decisions on his/her own without asking their subordinates about their opinions. Manager of this style can be a confident person but he loses the trust by the subordinates. They may feel limited freedom of opinion. So, this can sometimes results to lack of employees, lack of trust and a potential lack of profitability. Democratic: A democratic management style is that where manager allows his/her sub-ordinates to take part in the decision making. This creates a sense of trust and satisfaction between managers and subordinates. Communication becomes easy between managers and subordinates. Complex decisions can be taken by using the specialist skills of the employees. Consultative: As the name suggests, consultative management style refers to consultation. Manager asks his/her sub-ordinates for their opinions but it is the manager who takes the final decision. Overall decision is taken in the best interest of employees as well as the company. In this style there is a sense of freedom but it is limited to some extent. Employees feel satisfied as they are involved in making decision. Laissez-Faire: Laissez-faire management style refers to the complete freedom given to employees by their managers. It is the style in which manager delegates the responsibility to the employees to make decisions. Manager directs the sub-ordinates towards the target and asks them to achieve the target using their own ways and ideas. There comes a sense of complete freedom, sense and satisfaction as employees are now free to complete the tasks using their own perception. It can bring the creativity and innovation to the work. It can also increase the profitability of the organisation. By looking at all the management styles I would recommend the Consultative management style because, I think, a little gap between the management and the employees is must. In this style though decision is taken by the manager him/herself but he /she still asks his/her sub-ordinates about their opinions. So, he takes into account what majority needs and what will go in the favour of employees and company as well and takes the best decision. So, management is involved in decision making but up to a limit. So, according to me, consultative style is best to follow as a management style. A.C 2.3 Leadership A leadership is the art of motivating a people or a group act towards to achieving a combine or common goal is called leadership. Leader ship is a force who incurring the people to achieving a common goal. Leadership styles Leadership have many styles Coaching This one on one style focuses on developing individual showing them how to improve their performance, and the big thing is helping to contact their goals for the organisation, if the coaching is well people and employee learn more. Afflictive This style emphasizes the importance of team work ,and create harmony in group by connecting with each other .MR.Goleman argues this approach is very important when trying to heighten team harmony, increase moral, improve ,communication or repair broken trust in an organisation but he warns against when you using it alone. Democratic This style is draw on peoples knowledge and skill and create a group to a resulting goals ,this style of leadership is best work when the direction the organisation unclear its very helpful and the leader needs to top of collective wisdom of the group. Commanding This style of leadership the classic model of military, it is most often when the last condition, because it rarely involves praise and frequently employs criticism, even the modern military has come to recognize its usefulness. Leadership Advantages Disadvantages Democratic: DISADVANTAGES Shower decision making Less production Every one involve Decision making is very difficult Leader can unsure and make everything a matter combine or meeting decision Advantages More individual responsibility More relation with other organisation More easily targeted growth More motivate the people Greater for production AUTOARATIC Disadvantages More group hostility More dependence on selected leader More apathy in group .Decision making is very difficult Advantages .More group productivity .Group makes the quicker decision . Pushes the group for more production AC3.1 Motivation: The urge to take action to achieve specific goal is known as motivation. It means trying to encourage somebody to decide to do something for themselves. Motivation is important to an organisation because it enhances the quality and increases the output of an organisation. Staffs get happy, so there comes innovation in the activities of the organisations. Motivation also affects the individuals working in organisations. It increases the morale of the motivated workers and helps them deal with the challenging tasks in an efficient way. They feel like more involved in the organisation and think that they are doing something best which leads the organisation towards the profitability and development. Organisations use different techniques to motivate their employees. A few of them are,  · Monetary rewards- According to Frederick Taylor, Monetary reward are an important motivating factor. Most of the people do agree with the statement of Taylor and it is true to some extent. By giving monetary rewards based on performance, an employee gets motivated and works hard to perform better to gain those monetary rewards. Monetary rewards include bonus payments, paying a portion of basic pay on achieving more than expected profits etc.  · Enhanced Communication- Communication refers to, not only ordering and giving feedback but, listening to the employee needs. By asking the employee about his problems on the workplace, he/she may feel like part of the organisation and motivated to perform well in his/her area of performance.  · Employee Involvement- By involving an employee in decision making for the organisation, an employee may feel like he/she is trusted to give opinions and there might be a share of his/her thought in making important decisions. Involving an employee in organisations important activities makes them feel they are trusted so this impacts the performance of employee in a positive way.  · Job rotation- There are a lot of workers in an organisation which have to do the same tasks daily. In order to motivate them, job rotation is best. It allows them to learn new skills by shifting them from one task to another. Autocratic Leadership: Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. Staff and team members have little opportunity to make suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or the organizations best interest. Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Therefore, autocratic leadership often leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. However, for some routine and unskilled jobs, the style can remain effective because the advantages of control may outweigh the disadvantages. Democratic leadership or participative leadership: Although democratic leaders make the final decisions, they invite other members of the team to contribute to the decision-making process. This not only increases job satisfaction by involving team members, but it also helps to develop peoples skills. Team members feel in control of their own destiny, so theyre motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. Laissez-faire leadership: This French phrase means leave it be, and its used to describe leaders who leave their team members to work on their own. It can be effective if the leader monitors whats being achieved and communicates this back to the team regularly. Most often, laissez-faire leadership is effective when individual team members are very experienced and skilled self-starters. Unfortunately, this type of leadership can also occur when managers dont apply sufficient control. A.C 3.2 Motivation Motivation is a process to attract the people for giving some packages, salary, bonus, etc. Many companies are working in the world and TESCO is one of them TESCO is begin 1919 with one man Jack Cohen ,a market stakeholder selling groceries in London since the TESCO has across the world ,now 2,200 stores in whole the world they have meet and customer needs ,goods TESCO have more polite ,well educated staff and trained staff. TESCO considers that the business into two groups people customer and staff. TESCO have reward to their staff flex working Discount gym member ship Staff discount Company share option In 1911 the engineer Frederick Taylor published one of the earliest motivation theories. Taylor search people work purely for money In the early 1930 theorist Elton Mayo suggested that motivation at work was promoted by such factor Greater communication Good team work Showing interest in other Involving other decision making Ensuring work is interesting and no respective Maslow and Herzberg C:UsersAMAAppDataLocalTempksohtmlwps_clip_image-4749.png Maslow Maslow argued that humans are motivated by five essential needs, and he formed a pyramid demonstrating these needs and these are called hierarach of needs At the bottom of the pyramids basic needs those are motivated for food and shelter, once time these needs through pay, individual want security through, for example, good job position social need, refer to the needs to belong and to be part of a group Maslow suggest that achieving one level motivates achieve the next C:UsersAMAAppDataLocalTempksohtmlwps_clip_image-10688.png Herzberg Herzberg theory is based on two parts hygienic factor and motivators, his research showed that certain factor where the true motivators This theory shows that to truly motivate an employee a business and need to the certain condition. Its very helpful committed to work place. Herzberg theory motivating factor helps to build a business that delivers and give consistently strong result. Conclusion Employee motivation is an important task for a company managers thats why the Taylor suggest pat motivated worker to improve the production and Herzberg suggest by hygienic conditions. A.C 3.3 Frederick Herzberg, after interviewing a lot of employees, gave his theory of motivation. His theory is also known as Herzbergs two factor theory because, after interviewing the employees, there were two factors common among all the employees. These factors are Hygiene factors and Motivators. Hygiene factors are often referred to as dissatisfies. These include the factors that make an employee unhappy for example in an autocratic work environment, employees may feel unhappy, dissatisfied and low trusted. These are the things that lead an employee to demotivation and hence, affect his performance and companies as well. On the other hand, motivators are the factors opposite to hygiene factors. These are sometimes referred to as satisfiers. These are the factors that satisfy the employees needs on a workplace. These factors include promotion, job recognition, responsibility etc. Herzberg believed that businesses needed to ensure that hygiene factors were minimized in order to enable motivators to have their full effect. Managers must keep the environment in such a manner so that they could understand the problems employees are facing. They must ensure the open communication with the employees so that they could work out to solve them. These things motivate the employees and they start working and thinking in a positive way. AC4.2 My name is Muhammad Adnan. In the class we were grouped by teacher. Then we decided the name of group. Our group name was Tiger. We decide 1 electrical thing that was cut camera. 4.1 Our group was arranged by the teacher. We was three guys in the group. Adnan sherbet iftakhar we were advertise the cctv camera.cctv   is use for monitoring of the  behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting.cctv is amazing technology.first we thought about cctv how can we advertise the purpose of cctv.then we made a plan.we imagine one organization. DR.Browne give a chance to present ourselves and promote abilities and utilize our experience .First of all we decide to present on CCTV , because many robbery cases are seeing in city ,in banks ,or country ,when we were working a team everyone feel relax ,because many advisor who were giving many ideas but finally we decide CCTV. Teamwork can lead better decision and quality of team work may be measured by analyzing in the following six components of collaboration among the team work. 1. Communication 2. Co-ordination 3. Balance member 4. Contribution 5. Mutual support 6. Effort When you work in a team communication is very important, teamwork is done well when everyone proper contributes and with co-coordinative mind, then your team play effective role. In my teamwork my experience is good and will helpful for my factures.